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CRISPR (/ˈkrɪspər/) (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) is a family of DNA sequences found within the genomes of prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria and archaea.[1] These sequences are derived from DNA fragments from viruses that have previously infected the prokaryote and are used to detect and destroy DNA from similar viruses during subsequent infections. Hence these sequences play a key role in the antiviral defense system of prokaryotes.[1] Cas9 (or "CRISPR-associated 9") is an enzyme that uses CRISPR sequences as a guide to recognize and cleave specific strands of DNA that are complementary to the CRISPR sequence. Cas9 enzymes together with CRISPR sequences form the basis of a technology known as CRISPR/Cas9 that can be used to edit genes within organisms.[2] This type of gene editing process has a wide variety of applications including use as a basic biology research tool, development of biotechnology products, and potentially to treat diseases.[3][4]
CRISPR Cascade protein (cyan) bound to CRISPR RNA (green) and viral DNA (red)
CRISPR is an abbreviation of Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats.[5] The term was first used at a time when the origin and function of these subsequences were not known and they were assumed to be prokaryotic in origin. CRISPR are segments of DNA containing short, repetitive base sequences in a palindromicrepeat (the sequence of nucleotides is the same in both directions). Each repetition is followed by short segments of spacer DNA from previous integration of foreign DNA from a virus or plasmid.[6][7] Small clusters of cas (CRISPR-associated) genes are located next to CRISPR sequences.
CRISPR/Cas9
The CRISPR/Cas system is a prokaryotic immune system that confers resistance to foreign genetic elements such as those present within plasmids and phages[8][9][10] that provides a form of acquired immunity. RNA harboring the spacer sequence helps Cas (CRISPR-associated) proteins recognize and cut foreign pathogenic DNA. Other RNA-guided Cas proteins cut foreign RNA.[11] CRISPR are found in approximately 50% of sequenced bacterial genomes and nearly 90% of sequenced archaea.[12](from Internet)