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This review comprehensively summarizes the body of evidence surrounding the use of pharmacotherapy for nocturia, with specific attention to the use of antidiuretic therapy.Additionally, it draws attention to measures of successful nocturia treatment, outside of simply a reduction in void, and considers parameters such as first undisturbed sleep period (FUSP).

A recent phase III trial demonstrated significant increases of FUSP in patients treated with disintegrating sublingual tablets vs placebo. The data reviewed in this study will be particularly valuable for urologists formulating pharmacologic management strategies for men with nocturia. – Matthew Resnick, MD

ABSTRACT

Strategies to manage nocturia include lifestyle modifications and treatment with alpha-blockers, antimuscarinic therapies, and antidiuretics. The concept of achieving success should not be limited to reduction of nighttime voids; it should ideally include proof of improvement of conditions generally associated with nocturia, such as falls, quality of life, and overall health.

Few studies have looked specifically at parameters other than nocturnal voids, such as sleep latency, first undisturbed sleep period (FUSP), and total sleep time, including their clinical relevance to patient well-being. Lifestyle modifications, such as voiding before bedtime, limiting caffeine and alcohol, and adjusting medication timing, may be initially effective in mild cases of nocturia.

Statistically significant reductions in voiding have been reported with antimuscarinic agents and alpha-blockers as initial therapy, but these reductions generally are not clinically relevant. The antidiuretic therapy desmopressin acetate, a selective vasopressin receptor 2 agonist, is effective in adults with nocturia associated with nocturnal polyuria; however, hyponatremia can occur.

The newest formulation-desmopressin orally disintegrating sublingual tablet (ODST)-has greater bioavailability; thus, lower doses can be used, potentially reducing hyponatremia risk. A phase 3 study demonstrated statistically significant reductions in nocturnal voids for desmopressin ODST 50 and 100 μg versus placebo (-1.18 and -1.43 vs. -0.86; P = 0.02 and P < 0.0001, respectively) in patients with nocturia.

Treatment was well-tolerated, and low-dose desmopressin ODST was associated with statistically significant increases in duration of FUSP. Development of a validated composite endpoint may help clinicians identify and compare strategies for treating nocturia.