- Total
- General
- Arts
- Book
- Culture
- Economy
- Essay
- Fun/Joke
- History
- Hobbies
- Info
- Life
- Medical
- Movie
- Music
- Nature
- News
- Notice
- Opinion
- Philosophy
- Photo
- Poem
- Politics
- Science
- Sports
- Travel
Science Metallic Hydrogen
2017.01.27 04:35
U.S. scientists create metallic hydrogen, a possible superconductor, ending quest
By Julie Steenhuysen
ReutersJanuary 26, 2017
A combination of still photos taken from video shows hydrogen magnified at different stages of compression, from gas form to metallic, provided January 26, 2017. Photos courtesy of Isaa Sivera/Handout via REUTERS
MoreBy Julie Steenhuysen
CHICAGO (Reuters) - U.S. scientists have succeeded in squeezing hydrogen so intensely that it has turned into a metal, creating an entirely new material that might be used as a highly efficient electricity conductor at room temperatures.
The discovery, published in the journal Science on Thursday, provides the first confirmation of a theory proposed in 1935 by physicists Hillard Bell Huntington and Eugene Wigner that hydrogen, normally a gas, could occur in a metallic state if exposed to extreme pressure.
Several teams have been racing to develop metallic hydrogen, which is highly prized because of its potential as a superconductor, a material that is extremely efficient at conducting electricity.
Currently, superconductors such as those used in a magnetic resonance imaging, or MRI, machines must be cooled with liquid helium to keep them at extremely low temperatures, which is costly.
“This is the holy grail of high-pressure physics,” Harvard physicist Isaac Silvera, one of the study's authors, said in a statement. “It’s the first-ever sample of metallic hydrogen on Earth, so when you’re looking at it, you’re looking at something that’s never existed before.”
David Ceperley, a physics professor at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign who was not involved in the research, said the discovery, if confirmed, would end a decades-long quest to see how hydrogen can become a metal, adding to the understanding of the most common element in the universe.
To achieve this feat, Silvera and post-doctoral fellow Ranga Dias squeezed a tiny hydrogen sample at more than 71.7 million pounds per square inch (32.5 million kg per 6.5 square cm), greater than the pressure at the centre of the Earth.
The scientists created this force using synthetic diamonds mounted opposite each other in a device known as a diamond anvil cell. They treated the diamonds with a special process to keep them from cracking, a problem that has foiled prior experiments.
"This is just at the point when the diamonds are about to crack," Ceperley said. "That is why it's taken so long. Silvera had new ways of shaping the diamonds and polishing them so they wouldn't break."
A key question is whether the pressurized hydrogen maintains its metallic properties at room temperature, which would make it extremely useful as a superconductor.
Both Ceperley and Silvera believe this will be the case, but it still needs to be proven.
(Reporting by Julie Steenhuysen; Editing by Lisa Von Ahn)
"The Making of the Atomic Bomb is a contemporary history book written by the American journalist and historian Richard Rhodes, first published by Simon & Schuster in 1987. It won the Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction,[1] the National Book Award for Nonfiction,[2] and a National Book Critics Circle Award. The narrative covers people and events from early 20th century discoveries leading to the science of nuclear fission, through the Manhattan Project and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Praised both by historians and former Los Alamos weapon scientists, the book is considered a general authority on early nuclear weapons history, as well as the development of modern physics in general, during the first half of the 20th century. Nobel Laureate I. I. Rabi, one of the prime participants in the dawn of the atomic age, called it "an epic worthy of Milton. Nowhere else have I seen the whole story put down with such elegance and gusto and in such revealing detail and simple language which carries the reader through wonderful and profound scientific discoveries and their application."[3]"
Years ago when I read the above book, I realized that the history of man has been made,
not by politicians or the kings or the rulers, but by the scientists who made all the weapons,
so that whoever scientists invent or make the superior weapons of offense and defense determine the outcome
of the war. The book will convince you for that. As a matter of fact, the political leader is treated in the book
as playing a minor role in that outcome. In fact, the book illustrates clearly every major war, including WW-1
and WW-2 was that of brains of scientists in each side.
My best friend in my senior high school who passed away years ago used to argue with me and
tried to convince me in that natural science scientists have the most important jobs for mankind and all other jobs are secondary.
In that regard, this metallic H2 appears to be another achievement of science.